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Abstract: The aim of this research was to determine the probiotic potential and safety of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from raw goat milk. Gram positive and catalase negative bacteria were isolated from raw goat milk (n = 61) and identified as LAB. LAB isolates were screened for antimicrobial, probiotic and technological characteristics. LAB isolates showed antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium) and high survival rate at pH 2 (93.54-100.38% after 4h), in the presence of 0.3% bile salts (100.85-108.96% after 4h) and simulated gastric fluid (74.16-80.13% after 3h). Three LAB isolates (1, 3 and 13) with high antimicrobial activity against all foodborne pathogens and probiotics characteristics were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing and identified as Enterococcus faecium strains. Enterococcus spp. exhibited milk coagulation potential, amylolytic activity, susceptibility to antibiotics and no evidence of hemolysis. Enterococcus spp. isolated from goat milk showed probiotic and technological characteristics and can be used as a starter culture after further safety evaluation.
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Enterococcus are recognized worldwide as significant nosocomial agents that have been continuously envolving to adapt to different niches and acquire resistance to several antibiotic classes. Vancomycin and gentamicin-resistant strains of E. faecalis and E. faecium have been associated with nosocomial human infections. Some epidemiological studies suggest the participation of pets as reservoirs of vancomycin and gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus strains. However, the role of companion birds as reservoirs of these strains has been poorly studied. In this study, 126 psittacine birds were evaluated and 26.9% carried Enterococcus spp., including the species E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. hirae, E. phoeniculicola, E. gallinarum and E. casseliflavus. The antibiotic resistance profile showed four high-level gentamicin-resistance (HLGR) strains. In addition, two strains presented intermediate levels of vancomycin resistance. Resistant strains were isolated from fecal and oropharynx samples of sick and clinically healthy birds, suggesting that psittacine birds may act as reservoirs of HLGR Enterococcus spp. However, sick birds appear to be more implicated in the enterococci transmission than healthy birds.(AU)
Enterococcus são reconhecidos mundialmente como significantes agentes nosocomiais, que têm continuamente se adaptado a diferentes nichos e adquirido resistência a várias classes de antibióticos. Cepas de E. faecalis e E. faecium vancomicina e gantamicina-resistentes têm sido associadas a infecções nosocomiais em humanos. Alguns estudos epidemiológicos sugerem a participação de aves como reservatórios de cepas de Enterococcus vancomicina e gentamicina-resistentes. Entretanto, a relação das aves de companhia como reservatórios destas cepas tem sido pouco estudada. Neste estudo, 126 psitacídeos foram avaliados, e 26,9% destes eram portadores de Enterococcus spp., incluindo as espécies E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. hirae, E. phoeniculicola, E. gallinarum e E. casseliflavus. O perfil de resistência antibiótica mostrou quatro cepas com alto nível de resistência a gentamicina (ANRG). Além de duas cepas com nível intermediário de resistência a vancomicina. As cepas resistentes foram isoladas de amostras fecais e de orofaringe de aves doentes e clinicamente saudáveis, sugerindo que psitacídeos podem estar atuando como reservatórios para Enterococcus spp. com ANRG. Contudo, Aves doentes parecem estar mais relacionadas à transmissão de enterococcus, do que aves saudáveis.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Parrots/microbiology , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Gentamicins , Vancomycin Resistance , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Pets/microbiology , Enterococcus/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Os derivados cárneos vêm, ao longo dos anos, se fazendo cada vez mais presentes no cardápio do brasileiro e, entre eles, a mortadela é de grande importância no setor de frios e embutidos e de maior aceite mundialmente. Foram adquiridos em estabelecimentos comerciais do bairro de Icaraí em Niterói/RJ 33 amostras de mortadela, sendo encaminhadas ao Laboratório de Controle Microbiológico de Produtos de Origem Animal da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal Fluminense, onde foram submetidas a pesquisa de enterococos. Das 33 amostras de mortadelas analisadas no presente trabalho, 11 delas apresentaram resultados negativos para a presença de Enterococcus spp.. Entretanto, foram encontrados E. casseliflavus, E. faecium e E. faecalis. A presença do Enterococcus como microbiota contaminante pode tornar o seu consumo perigoso para a saúde humana.
Subject(s)
Enterococcus/isolation & purification , Enterococcus/pathogenicity , Food Microbiology , Meat Products/microbiologyABSTRACT
Abstract INTRODUCTION: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a systemic infectious disease requiring a multidisciplinary team for treatment. This study presents the epidemiological and clinical data of 73 cases of IE in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS This observational prospective cohort study of endocarditis patients during an eight-year study period described 73 episodes of IE in 70 patients (three had IE twice). Community-associated (CAIE) and healthcare-acquired infective endocarditis (HAIE) were diagnosed according to the modified Duke criteria. The collected data included demographic, epidemiologic, and clinical characteristics, including results of blood cultures, echocardiographic findings, surgical interventions, and outcome. RESULTS: Analysis of data from the eight-year study period and 73 cases (70 patients) of IE showed a mean age of 46 years (SD=2.5 years; 1-84 years) and that 65.7% were male patients. The prevalence of CAIE and HAIE was 32.9% and 67.1%, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus (30.1%), Enterococcus spp. (19.1%), and Streptococcus spp. (15.0%) were the prevalent microorganisms. The relevant signals and symptoms were fever (97.2%; mean 38.6 + 0.05°C) and heart murmur (87.6%). Vegetations were observed in the mitral (41.1%) and aortic (27.4%) valves. The mortality rate of the cases was 47.9%. CONCLUSIONS: In multivariate analysis, chronic renal failure (relative risk [RR]= 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-2.55), septic shock (RR= 2.19; 95% CI 1.499-3.22), and age over 60 years (RR= 2.28; 95% CI 1.44-3.59) were indirectly associated with in-hospital mortality. The best prognosis was related to the performance of cardiovascular surgery (hazard ratio [HR]= 0.51; 95% CI 0.26-0.99).
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Endocarditis, Bacterial/epidemiology , Staphylococcal Infections , Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification , Brazil/epidemiology , Prospective Studies , Hospital Mortality , Endocarditis, Bacterial/diagnosis , Endocarditis, Bacterial/microbiology , Tertiary Care Centers , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Enterococcus spp. are opportunistic pathogens that cause lameness in broiler chickens, resulting in serious economic losses worldwide. Virulence of Enterococcus spp. is associated with several putative virulence genes including fsr, efm, esp, cylA, cad1, ace, gelE, and asa1. In this study, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the simultaneous detection of these virulence genes in Enterococcus spp. was developed, and detection limits for E. faecium, E. faecalis, and E. hirae were 64.0 pg/µL, 320.0 pg/µL, and 1.6 ng/µL DNA, respectively. Among 80 Enterococcus isolates tested, efm and cad1 were detected in all 26 E. faecium samples, and only cad1 was observed in E. hirae. Additionally, the presence of virulence genes in 25 E. faecalis isolates were 100% for cad1, 88.0% for gelE, 64.0% for fsr, 44.0% for asa1, 16.0% for cylA, and 4.0% for esp. No virulence genes were found in E. gallinarum isolates. A total of 49 isolates were resistant to tigecycline and to at least 2 different classes of antibiotics. The most prevalent resistance was to ciprofloxacin (73.5%), quinupristin/dalfopristin (55.1%), and tetracycline (49.0%). No strains were resistant to vancomycin or linezolid. This is the first multiplex PCR assay to simultaneously detect eight virulence genes in Enterococcus spp., and the method provides diagnostic value for accurate, rapid, and convenient detection of virulence genes. Additionally, we report the prevalence of virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus isolates from commercial broiler chickens suffering lameness.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents , Chickens , Ciprofloxacin , DNA , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Enterococcus , Limit of Detection , Linezolid , Methods , Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction , Prevalence , Tetracycline , Vancomycin , VirulenceABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: The quorum sensing phenomenon is a process of intra- and inter-species microbial communication involving the production and detection of extracellular signaling molecules. The autoinducer AI-2 has been proposed to serve as a 'universal signal' for interspecies communication. This study aimed to evaluate the capability of Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacillus cereus strains isolated from ricotta processing to produce quorum sensing signalling molecules (AI-2). The strains were evaluated for the presence of the luxS gene using the polymerase chain reaction. AI-2 quorum sensing signalling molecules were measured in relative light units (RLUs) using a luminometer. A total of 74% of E. faecium, 91% of E. faecalis, and 95% of B. cereus isolates were positive for luxS gene. In addition, the induced bioluminescence in Vibrio harveyi BB170 was observed in all strains, indicating the presence of the AI-2 autoinducer.
RESUMO: O fenômeno quorum sensing corresponde a um processo de comunicação intra e interespécies microbianas e é mediado por sinais químicos extracelulares, denominados moléculas sinalizadoras ou auto indutoras (AI). A molécula AI2 está envolvida na comunicação interespécies, denominada sistema "universal" de comunicação. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a capacidade de Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis e Bacillus cereus isolados do processamento de ricota em produzir moléculas sinalizadoras de Quorum sensing (AI-2). Os isolados foram avaliados quanto à presença do gene luxS utilizando a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). As moléculas sinalizadoras (AI-2) foram medidas em unidades relativas de luz (RLU) através de um luminômetro. Um total de 74% dos isolados de E. faecium, 91% de E. faecalis e 95% de B. cereus foram positivos para o gene luxS. Além disso, todos os isolados apresentaram capacidade de induzir o fenômeno de bioluminescência em Vibrio harveyi BB170, indicando a presença de auto indutores AI-2.
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ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine and compare the Most Probable Number (MPN) of Total Coliforms (TC), Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. and to characterize the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Enterococcus spp. isolated from oysters collected in the Barra de Guaratiba Mangrove, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The enumeration of E. coli has been used to indicate fecal contamination and hygienic-sanitary conditions of bivalve molluscs. Enterococci are capable to transfer several antimicrobial resistance genes to pathogenic bacteria, including those from Gram-negative group. The oysters were bought from local fishermen and a total of 123 individuals were analyzed. The TC, E. coli and Enterococcus spp. MPN mean were 26,300/100 g, 3,260/100 g and 2,820/100 g, respectively. The only correlation found was between TC and E. coli. Two strains of Enterococcus spp. were resistant to three different antimicrobial categories, including a high level resistance to streptomycin. One strain presented intermediate resistance to vancomycin. The E. coli levels exceeded the limits established by international legislation. This microbiological contamination in oysters reflects the water pollution and indicates a probable contamination of other seafood species from this mangrove, which can represent a risk for consumers and a threat to the environment and public health.
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Objective To understand the clinical distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus spp.isolated from blood culture.Methods Enterococcus spp.isolated from blood culture specimens of hospitalized patients between January 2012 and December 2016 was analyzed,antimicrobial susceptibility testing results were analyzed.Results A total of 139 strains of Enterococcus spp.were isolated,including 78 strains of Enterococcus faecium (E.faecium),60 Enterococcus faecalis (E.faecalis),and 1 Enterococcus avium (E.avium),accounting for 56.11％,43.17％,and 0.72％ respectively;56.83％ of patients were ＞60 years and 17.27％ were ≤28 days.The main department sources of strains were intensive care unit and neonatal department,accounting for 34.53％ and 18.70％respectively.There was only 1 strain of E.avium,which was isolated from neonatal department.Resistance rates of E.faecium to penicillin,ampicillin,levofloxacin,ciprofloxacin,moxifloxacin,and nitrofurantoin were all higher than E.faecalis(all P＜0.05),while resistance rate to tetracycline was lower than E.faecalis(P =0.001).Resistance rates of E.faecium to vancomycin and linezolid were 2.56％ and 6.41％ respectively;resistance rates of E.faecalis to vancomycin and linezolid were 0 and 3.33％ respectively.Conclusion E.faecium and E.faecalis are the main Enterococcus spp.isolated from blood culture,most are isolated from the elderly patients and newborns.Resistance rates of E.faecium to most antimicrobial agents are higher than E.faecalis,resistance rates of E.faecium and E.faecalis to linezolid are both higher than resistance rates to vancomycin,key monitoring needs to be continued.
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Las infecciones asociadas al cuidado de la salud representan una causa de elevada morbilidad y mortalidad en todos los sistemas sanitarios. Aquellas causadas por microorganismos multirresistentes (MMR) son una realidad generadora de brotes intrahospitalarios difíciles de erradicar. Entre las formas de manejo internacionalmente aceptadas destacan el uso racional de antimicrobianos y el aislamiento de los casos detectados. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron evaluar, mediante cultivo nasal y rectal, el estado de colonización por MMR en pacientes con largas estadías hospitalarias, determinar las especies bacterianas predominantes, los perfiles de resistencia prevalentes e identificar aquellos pacientes que adquirieron una infección por MMR. Fue un estudio observacional, descriptivo, prospectivo. Se estudiaron pacientes mayores de 20 años de edad, internados por más de diez días en la institución y aquellos que, proviniendo de otros centros de salud, centros de rehabilitación o geriátricos requirieron internación en la clínica. En el período de agosto de 2013 a agosto 2014 se realizaron cultivos de vigilancia mediante hisopado nasal para búsqueda de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina (SARM) e hisopado rectal para Enterococos resistentes a vancomicina (EVR) y enterobacterias productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido (EB-BLEE). Se comprobó colonización por alguno de los MMR en el 31% de los pacientes. La distribución por MMR fue la siguiente: SARM, 5%; EVR, 10%, y EB-BLEE, 25%, con predominio de Escherichia coli y Klebsiella pneumoniae. De los pacientes colonizados, el 16% presentó infección. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae y Klebsiella oxytoca fueron los agentes más frecuentes, recuperados principalmente de infecciones urinarias y bacteriemias. En cuanto al comportamiento frente a otros antibióticos, los aislamientos de SARM fueron sensibles a trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol. Todos los EVR pertenecían a la especie E. faecium y presentaron un alto nivel de resistencia a aminoglucósidos sumada a la resistencia a ampicilina, lo cual limita el tratamiento sinérgico en infecciones graves. En las EB-BLEE las resistencias frecuentemente asociadas fueron a trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol. Todos los EVR pertenecían a la especie E. faecium y presentaron un alto nivel de y fluorquinolonas, manteniendo sensibilidad frente a carbapenémicos. Es importante conocer los perfiles de resistencia a otros antimicrobianos que pueden constituir una opción terapéutica. Es notoria y conocida la variación geográfica de los resultados de colonización, por lo que cada institución debería efectuar cultivos de vigilancia para conocer su situación y mejorar el control
Healthcare associated infections (HAI) cause high morbidity and mortality in all healthcare systems. Those caused by multidrug-resistant microorganisms (MDRO) can trigger clinical infections that are difficult to treat. Among the internationally recognized forms of treatment are the rational use of antimicrobials and isolation of detected cases. The objectives were to assess the prevalence of colonization by MDROs in patients with long hospital stays by nasal and rectal cultures, to determine the predominant bacterial species, the prevalent resistance profiles and to identify those patients who acquired MDRO infections. An observational and descriptive study was conducted. Adults over the age of 20 with more than ten days stay in the hospital or patients from other healthcare facilities, rehabilitation centers or long-term care facilities (nursing homes) were studied. In the period August 2013-2014, surveillance cultures were performed using nasal swabs to search for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and rectal swabs for vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-EB). Colonization was evidenced by some of the MMR in 31% of patients. MDRO distribution was as follows: 5% MRSA, 10% VRE and 25% ESBL-EB, predominantly Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Among colonized patients 16% developed an infection. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca were the most common agents recovered mainly from urinary tract and bloodstream infections. When other antibiotics were used, the MRSA isolations were sensitive to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ). All VRE belonged to the species E. faecium and presented a high level of resistance to aminoglycosides; this condition, as well as resistance to ampicillin, restricts synergic treatment in serious infections. In the ESBL-EB the most frequently reported resistance was to TMP-SMZ and to fluorquinolones, while retaining sensitivity to carbapenems. It is important to know the resistance profiles to other antimicrobials as possible therapeutic options. Because of the wide geographic variation in the results of colonization, each institution should carry out surveillance cultures to discover their status and improve control thereof
Subject(s)
Humans , Staphylococcus , Staphylococcus aureus , Bacteria , Bacterial Infections , Cross Infection , EnterococcusABSTRACT
Background: The isolation of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp (ERV) has increased significantly within the last few years, along with the risk of infection and dissemination of these bacteria. Our aim was to determine risk factors (RF) for intestinal colonization in hospitalized pediatric patients with oncological disease at Hospital de Niños Roberto del Río. Methods: Between January 2012 and December 2013 a transversal study was performed with 107 rectal swabs and processed with a PCR for ERV. The patients were classified as "colonized with ERV" and "not colonized with ERV" and we evaluated possible RF for intestinal colonization in both groups. Results: VRE colonization was found in 51 patients (52%). The median of time elapsed between oncological diagnosis and VRE colonization was 35 days. The significant RF associated with VRE colonization were days of hospitalization prior to study, neutropenia and treatment with antibiotics within 30 days prior to study and mucositis. Conclusions: According to the RF revealed in this study we may suggest prevention standards to avoid ERV colonization. This is the first investigation in our country in hospitalized pediatric patients with oncological disease and processed with a multiplex PCR for ERV, therefore it is a great contribution about this subject in Chile.
Introducción: El aislamiento de Enterococcus spp resistentes a vancomicina (ERV) ha presentado un incremento significativo en los últimos años, aumentando el riesgo de infección por esta bacteria y favoreciendo su diseminación. Nuestro objetivo es determinar los factores de riesgo (FR) de colonización intestinal de ERV en pacientes oncológicos internados en el Hospital de Niños Roberto del Río. Método: Entre enero de 2012 y diciembre de 2013 se realizó un estudio transversal de colonización rectal por ERV mediante muestras de hisopado rectal obtenidas en 107 pacientes efectuando RPC múltiple para ERV. Se dividió en grupo "portador" y "no portador" y se evaluó los posibles FR para colonización por ERV. Resultados: Se encontró colonización por ERV en 51 pacientes (52%). El tiempo transcurrido desde el diagnóstico oncológico y la colonización presentó una mediana de 35 días. Los FR encontrados con asociación significativa fueron el número de días de hospitalización previa, neutropenia, uso de antimicrobianos 30 días previos y mucositis. Conclusión: De acuerdo a los FR encontrados podemos sugerir medidas de prevención para colonización por ERV. Esta es la primera investigación realizada en nuestro país en pacientes oncológicos pediátricos y que utiliza la técnica de RPC múltiple para ERV, lo que permite un aporte significativo sobre este tema en Chile.
Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Hospitalization , Intestines/microbiology , Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/microbiology , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/microbiology , Rectum/microbiology , Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci/isolation & purification , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Cross Infection/microbiology , Length of Stay , Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/complications , Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction , Mucositis/complications , Mucositis/microbiology , Neutropenia/complications , Neutropenia/microbiology , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/complications , Risk Factors , Vancomycin Resistance , Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci/classificationABSTRACT
Objetivou-se verificar a contaminação do leite cru por micro-organismos mesófilos, psicrotróficos, coliformes a 45°C e Enterococcus spp., produzido por rebanhos mestiços, em 30 unidades agrícolas familiares produtoras de leite em Juramento e Montes Claros, na região Norte de Minas gerais. Houve quatro coletas de amostras durante um ano, sendo duas na época de chuva e duas na época da seca. Coletaram-se amostras de leite cru e cru refrigerado, observando-se a contagem total de micro-organismos mesófilos, psicrotróficos, Enterococcus spp. e a contagem de coliformes a 45°C. Coletaram-se também, amostras de Swabs de equipamentos utilizados em ordenha (baldes e latões) utilizando-se a técnica do esfregaço em superfície, a fim de avaliar a contagem total bacteriana presente nesses utensílios para verificar a sua higienização. As amostras de leite apresentaram contaminação elevada por micro-organismos aeróbios mesófilos, psicrotróficos, Enterococcus spp.,coliformes a 45°C, comprometendo a qualidade higiênico-sanitária do produto, bem como as amostras de Swabs, que apresentaram níveis de contaminação elevados, quanto à presença de aeróbios mesófilos. Existiu deficiência quanto às práticas de antissepsias adotadas nos equipamentos utilizados na ordenha, levando a contaminações acima do permitido por mesófilos aeróbios, tornando-se evidente a necessidade de adoção de boas práticas agropecuárias e maiores investimentos em treinamentos e assistência técnica de qualidade com o intuito de provocar melhorias na qualidade microbiológica do leite produzido nessa região.
This study aimed to investigate the contaminationby mesophilic, psychrotrophic, coliform microorganisms at 45°C and Enterococcus spp., produced by crossbred herds, in raw milk produced in 30 family dairy farms in Juramento and Montes Claros, Northern Minas Gerais. Samples were collected 4 times, 2 during the rainy season and 2 during the dry season. Raw milk samples and milk samples refrigerated were collected, observing the total count of mesophilic, psychrotrophic microorganisms, Enterococcus sppand coliform at 45°C. Was collected too, Swabs samples from milking materials (buckets, cans) were collected using the surface scrubbing technique, in order to assess the total bacterial count of those utensils to verify their hygiene. The milk samples showed high contamination by micro-organisms aerobic mesophilic, psychrotrophic, Enterococcus spp., Coliforms at 45°C, compromising the sanitary quality of the product as well as Swab samples that hight contamination levels, with aerobic mesophilic. What compromised the sanitary quality of the product. There are shortcomings regarding antiseptic practices adopted on the milking equipment, leading to aerobic mesophilic contamination higher than allowed. Becoming evident the need for adoption of good agricultural practices, greater investments in training and quality technical assistance in order to stimulate improvements in the microbiological quality of the milk produced in the region.
Subject(s)
Enterococcus , Milk , Coliforms , Food MicrobiologyABSTRACT
Objective To investigate in vitro activity of antimicrobial agents against Enterococcus spp . isolated from clinic specimens in a hospital.Methods 188 Enterococcus spp . isolates from specimens sent by clinic depart-ments in June 2013-July 2014 were identified and performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing.Results Of 188 En-terococcus spp . isolates,119 were Enterococcus faecium (E.faecium),60 were E.faecalis ,and 9 were E.avium, these strains were mainly isolated from urine (34.57%)and blood specimens (19.15% ).No daptomycin and linezolid-resistant strain was detected;resistant rates of E.faecium to vancomycin was 1 .68%,to penicillin, ampicillin,high concentration gentamycin,erythromycin,and levofloxacin were all > 70%;except tetracycline, resistant rates of E.faecalis to the other antimicrobial agents were all lower than E.faecium,resistant rates of E. faecalis to penicillin and ampicillin were 16.67% and 13.33% respectively.Conclusion Daptomycin has high activity against Enterococcus spp . in this hospital.
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Com a proibição do uso de antibióticos como melhoradores de desempenho, aumentaram as pesquisas para desenvolver produtos alternativos que fossem eficientes para melhorar o desempenho zootécnico dos animais de produção e manter a saúde intestinal deles, por meio da redução de patógenos e da imuno modulação do trato gastrointestinal. O uso de probióticos já é conhecido há muito tempo, entretanto os mecanismos de ação destes produtos e a interação deles com o organismo animal hospedeiro estão sendo mais profundamente pesquisados agora. Sabe-se que os probióticos auxiliam no equilíbrio da microbiota intestinal, podendo, por meio deste efeito, melhorar o desempenho dos animais. Esta atividade se dá pela produção de diferentes metabólitos com ação antimicrobiana e também pela competição por sítios de ligação com bactérias patogênicas na mucosa do trato gastrointestinal ou através de imunomodulação no organismo animal. Devido a todas as ações dos probióticos, eles são utilizados como melhoradores de desempenho animal e também podem ser uma ferramenta para controle de enterobactérias de importância em saúde pública.
As antibiotics growth promoters have been banned from animal feed, probiotics have received special attention as alternative products to enhance performance from livestock and keep their gastrointestinal health. Probiotics benefits are known since long time ago, however, the mechanisms of action of these products are being better researched now. Is known that probiotics could balance intestinal microbiot and due to this, they can improve animal performance. This activity is due to the production of different metabolites with antimicrobial activity and competition by bind sites on gastrointestinal mucosal. Due to all this probiotic actions, they are recommended as animal growth promoters and also may be an important tool to control enterobacterias considered risky to public health.
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Objectives: Primary teeth work as guides for the eruption of permanent dentition, contribute for the development of the jaws, chewing process, preparing food for digestion, and nutrient assimilation. Treatment of pulp necrosis in primary teeth is complex due to anatomical and physiological characteristics and high number of bacterial species present in endodontic infections. The bacterial presence alone or in association in necrotic pulp and fistula samples from primary teeth of boys and girls was evaluated. Material and Methods: Necrotic pulp (103) and fistula (7) samples from deciduous teeth with deep caries of 110 children were evaluated. Bacterial morphotypes and species from all clinical samples were determined. Results: A predominance of gram-positive cocci (81.8%) and gram-negative coccobacilli (49.1%) was observed. In 88 out of 103 pulp samples, a high prevalence of Enterococcus spp. (50%), Porphyromonas gingivalis (49%), Fusobacterium nucleatum (25%) and Prevotella nigrescens (11.4%) was observed. Porphyromonas gingivalis was detected in three out of seven fistula samples, Enterococcus spp. in two out of seven samples, and F. nucleatum, P. nigrescens and D. pneumosintes in one out of seven samples. Conclusions: Our results show that Enterococcus spp. and P. gingivalis were prevalent in necrotic pulp from deciduous teeth in boys from 2 to 5 years old, and that care of the oral cavity of children up to five years of age is important. .
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Dental Fistula/microbiology , Dental Pulp Necrosis/microbiology , Gram-Negative Bacteria/isolation & purification , Gram-Positive Bacteria/isolation & purification , Tooth, Deciduous/microbiology , Age Factors , Chi-Square Distribution , DNA, Bacterial/analysis , Dental Pulp Cavity/microbiology , Gram-Negative Bacteria/genetics , Gram-Positive Bacteria/genetics , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Reference Values , Sex FactorsABSTRACT
El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los patrones de resistencia antimicrobiana en bacterias indicadoras aisladas de muestras fecales de animales domésticos. La concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM) fue determinada por el método de dilución en agar. El criterio de interpretación usado se basó en la distribución de la CIM y el punto de corte epidemiológico (ECOFF o ECV) de acuerdo con los datos del European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Los resultados obtenidos de 237 aislamientos de Escherichia coli mostraron sensibilidad reducida a ampicilina, estreptomicina y tetraciclina, antimicrobianos comúnmente usados en porcinos y aves de explotación intensiva. Con respecto a todas las especies del género Enterococcus spp., solo existe ECOFF o ECV para la vancomicina. De los 173 Enterococcus spp. aislados, sólo uno presentó sensibilidad reducida a dicho agente y fue categorizado como población 'non-wild-type' (NWT). Este es el primer informe en Argentina que presenta datos de puntos de corte epidemiológico en bacterias animales
The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance profiles of indicator bacteria isolated from domestic animal feces. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by agar dilution. Interpretative criteria on the basis of wild-type MIC distributions and epidemiological cutoff values (ECOFF or ECV) were used according to the 'European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing' (EUCAST) data. Results from 237 isolates of Escherichia coli showed reduced susceptibility for ampicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline, the antimicrobials commonly used in intensive breeding of pigs and hens. Regarding all the species of the genus Enterococcus spp., there are only ECOFF or ECV for vancomycin. Of the 173 Enterococcus spp. isolated, only one showed reduced susceptibility to vancomycin and was classifi ed as 'non-wild-type' (NWT) population. This is the fi rst report in Argentina showing data of epidemiological cutoff values in animal bacteria
Subject(s)
Animals , Argentina/epidemiology , Animals, Domestic/microbiology , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods , Colimetry/statistics & numerical data , Coliforms/analysisABSTRACT
We evaluated the frequency of enterococci from food and found 95.2% of positivity, being E. faecium and E. faecalis the most frequent species. High-level streptomycin resistance was observed, as well as gelatinase and hemolysis activity, showing the potential role of environmental strains as reservoir of virulence and resistance traits.
Subject(s)
Enterococcus/classification , Enterococcus/isolation & purification , Food Contamination , Food Microbiology , Brazil , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Enterococcus/physiology , Gelatinases/analysis , Hemolysis , Prevalence , Virulence Factors/analysisABSTRACT
Enterococcus spp. es un género intrínsecamente resistente a varias familias de antimicrobianos de uso clínico humano. En vista de su difícil tratamiento cuando causa infecciones graves y su fácil diseminación a través de la cadena alimentaria, se determinó el perfil de susceptibilidad de cepas de Enterococcus spp. aisladas en animales destinados al consumo humano, criados en los estados Anzoátegui y Monagas. Las muestras fueron recolectadas de forma no probabilística, intencional durante el año 2009. El perfil de susceptibilidad fue realizado por la prueba de difusión en disco para glicopéptidos, aminoglucósidos de alta carga, eritromicina, cloranfenicol, ciprofloxacina, rifampicina y ampicilina. Por ser vancomicina uno de los antimicrobianos de mayor uso en medicina humana, se hizo la búsqueda de alto nivel de resistencia a glicopéptidos en todas las cepas. La mayoría de los aislados fueron enterococos móviles (vanC). Los antimicrobianos con mayor resistencia fueron aminoglucósidos y macrólidos. La detección de cepas bacterianas resistentes a antimicrobianos de uso clínico humano, en los animales de consumo humano, pudiera traducirse en una transmisión alimenticia de este tipo de cepas en el ambiente extrahospitalario, llegando a causar, bajo circunstancias apropiadas, infecciones graves en el hombre ya que son patógenos oportunistas.
Enterococcus spp. is a genus intrinsically resistant to several antimicrobial families clinically used in humans. Due to their difficult treatment when they produce serious infections and their easy dissemination through the food chain, the susceptibility profile of Enterococcus spp. strains isolated from animals destined for human consumption raised at Monagas and Anzoátegui States was determined. Samples were collected in a intentionally non-probabilistic form during the year 2009. The susceptibility profile was done using the disk diffusion test for glycopeptides, high charge aminoglycosides, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, cyprofloxacin, rifampicin and ampicillin. Since vancomycin is one the antimicrobials most used in human medicine, the high resistance level to glycopeptides was determined for all strains. Most of the isolates were mobile enterococci (vanC). The most resistant antimicrobials were aminoglycosides and macrolids. The detection of bacterial strains resistant to antimicrobials clinically used in humans in animals destined for human consumption could be translated into an a food transmission of these type of strains in extra-hospital environments, leading to originate, under appropriate circumstances, serious infections in man, since they are opportunistic pathogens.
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INTRODUÇÃO: O aumento da prevalência de isolados de enterococos em hospitais, particularmente Enterococcus resistente à vancomicina (VRE), é importante por causa da limitada terapia antimicrobiana efetiva para o tratamento de infecções enterocócicas. MÉTODOS: O presente trabalho apresentou uma investigação retrospectiva de dados de suscetibilidade in vitro quantitativa para uma variedade de antimicrobianos frente aos isolados de Enterococcus spp. e avaliação da associação de resistência entre os agentes antimicrobianos apontados como escolha para o tratamento de infecções causadas por VRE, através do cálculo do risco relativo. RESULTADOS: Dos 156 isolados de enterococos, 40 (25,6 por cento) foram resistentes a três ou mais antimicrobianos, incluindo 7,7 por cento (n = 12/156) resistentes à vancomicina. A associação de resistência elevada foi mais pronunciada entre os isolados de VREs com antimicrobianos alternativos e primários para o tratamento de infecções causadas por estes patógenos, incluindo ampicilina (100 por cento, RR = 7,2), estreptomicina (90,9 por cento, RR = 4,9), rifampicina (91,7 por cento, RR = 3,1) e linezolida (50 por cento, RR = 11,5), apesar da alta taxa de suscetibilidade a esta droga (94,9 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: A resistência associada significativa aos antimicrobianos de primeira escolha e alternativos, usados no tratamento de infecções graves por cepas com o fenótipo VRE e que requerem um regime terapêutico combinado, evidencia alternativas terapêuticas ainda mais limitadas na instituição analisada.
INTRODUCTION: The increasing prevalence of enterococci strains in hospitals, particularly among isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), poses important problems because of the limited effect of antimicrobial therapy for enterococcal infections. METHODS: This work presents a retrospective investigation of quantitative in vitro susceptibility data for the range of antimicrobials against Enterococcus spp. isolates and evaluation of the association of resistance between antimicrobial agents recommended as the treatment of choice for infections caused by VRE through calculation of the relative risk. RESULTS: Of the 156 enterococci isolates, 40 (25.6 percent) were resistant to 3 or more antimicrobials, including 7.7 percent (n = 12/156) vancomycin resistant. The association of elevated resistance was more pronounced among VRE isolates against alternative and primary antimicrobials for the treatment of infections caused by these pathogens, including ampicillin (100 percent, RR = 7.2), streptomycin (90.9 percent, RR = 4.9), rifampin (91.7 percent, RR = 3.1) and linezolid (50 percent, RR = 11.5), despite high susceptibility to this drug (94.9 percent). CONCLUSIONS: The significant associated resistance to alternative and first choice antimicrobials used in the treatment of serious infections of strains with the VRE phenotype and that require a combined therapeutic regime, revealed even more limited therapeutic alternatives in the institution analyzed.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Enterococcus/drug effects , Enterococcus/isolation & purification , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Prevalence , Retrospective Studies , RiskABSTRACT
Introducción: El surgimiento de resistencia a oxazolidinonas en Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a meticilina (SAMR) y Enterococcus spp con elevada resistencia a aminoglucósidos (EERA), aún cuando no han sido expuestos al antibiótico, es una de las principales razones para el control en el uso clínico de estos antibióticos. Métodos: Se estudiaron 95 cepas de SAMR y EERA, las cuales fueron aisladas de enero 2003 a diciembre 2007 en el Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez; se identificaron por pruebas convencionales. Se evaluó la susceptibilidad a diversos antimicrobianos incluyendo linezolid de acuerdo al Instituto de Estándares Clínicos y de Laboratorio (CLSI). Se comprobó la elevada resistencia a aminoglucósidos al amplificar los genes aac(6')-le, aph(2")-la y ant(6') en enterococos y el tipo de cásete cromosomal estafilocócico mee (SCCmec) asociado a la resistencia a meticilina en S. aureus, por técnicas moleculares previamente descritas. Resultados: Todas las cepas de SAMR mostraron el SCCmec tipo II. El 100% de los enterococos con fenotipo EERA mostraron genes asociados con los niveles elevados de resistencia a aminoglucósidos. El 12% (6/50) de EERA presentó valores intermedios a linezolid (concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM) de 4 μg/mL) y sólo una cepa fue resistente (CIM 128 μg/mL); un aislamiento fue resistente a vancomicina fenotipo y genotipo van A, pero sensible a linezolid. El 2.2% (1/45) de los SAMR fue resistente a linezolid (CIM 8 μg/mL). Conclusión: Linezolid es una opción terapéutica de gran valor clínico. Sin embargo, son necesarios monitoreos continuos para conocer el riesgo de surgimiento de cepas resistentes y establecer lineamientos en el uso apropiado del antibiótico.
Background: The emergence of resistance to the oxazolidinones by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and high-level aminoglycoside-resistant (HLRA) Enterococcus spp not exposed is one of the main reasons for control of the clinical use of these antibiotics. Methods: We studied 95 strains of MRSA and HLAR, which were isolated from January 2003 to December 2007 at the Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez. The strains were identified by conventional tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated for several antimicrobial agents including linezolid according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The high resistance to aminoglycosides was tested by amplification of genes aac (6')-/e, aph (2")-and ant (6') in enterococci. Staphylococcal cassette chromosomal mec (SCCmec) associated with MRSA was identified by molecular techniques described previously. Results: All MRSA strains showed SCCmec type II, and 100% of enterococci strains with phenotype HLAR showed genes associated with high-level aminoglycoside resistance; 12% of HLAR enterococci strains showed intermediate values to linezolid (MIC 4 μg/mL) and only one strain was resistant (MIC 128 μg/mL). Of the MRSA strains, 2.2% were resistant to linezolid (MIC 8 μg/mL). Conclusion: Linezolid is a clinically valuable option as a form of therapy. However, continuous surveillance is necessary to determine the emergent risk of resistance strains and to establish guidelines for appropriate use.
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Em São Paulo, o primeiro relato de isolamento de Enterococcus resistentes à vancomicina (VRE) foi em 1997, e desde então, esta bactéria tem sido reportada em todo o Brasil como responsável por surto de infecção hospitalar. O presente estudo propôs investigar a similaridade genética de amostras de VRE com o intuito de analisar a disseminação dos tipos e subtipos genéticos circulantes em 26 hospitais da cidade de São Paulo e região ao longo de 10 anos. Foram analisadas 239 cepas de VRE isoladas de materiais clínicos como: urina (n=107), sangue (n=81) e líquidos cavitários (n=51). A tipagem molecular das cepas de VRE foi realizada pela técnica de eletroforese em gel de campo pulsado (PFGE). Os perfis eletroforéticos foram analisados segundo os critérios de Tenover e pelo percentual de similaridade genética obtido através do programa Bionumerics. Os resultados da análise molecular das cepas de E. faecium resistente à vancomicina (VRE-EFM) mostraram maior diversidade genética com nove tipos, enquanto os E. faecalis resistente à vancomicina (VRE-EF) apresentaram três tipos. A análise do dendrograma mostrou que os subtipos mais frequentes dos VRE-EF (A1 e A8) e dos VRE-EFM (P1 e P6) apresentaram uma similaridade genética de 83% e 96%, respectivamente. Entre os hospitais avaliados foi observada uma maior disseminação de VRE-EF (85%), embora a presença das duas espécies simultaneamente tenha ocorrido em 50% dos hospitais. Este estudo representou um importante monitoramento de cepas de VRE na cidade de São Paulo, no qual se teve a oportunidade de caracterizar cepas oriundas de vários hospitais, tanto da rede pública como privada e com isso observar a disseminação intra e inter-hospitalar.